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Learning - Blog Posts
THE END OF THE DECADE.
THE END OF THE DECADE.
The 2010’s are ending in six hours… the thing is that I have been contemplating about writing this article for like 10 hours, or ten days, a month. End of the decade it is and we can do nothing about it. The funny thing is that past ten years have been life changing for everyone because we all grew up, some of us started the decade as 18 year olds , some stared the decade as 10 year olds, some of…
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DAYS IN YOUR LIFE.
Some days it feels like I am drowning in the same sea where i always go for a swim. Some days it feels like that the pain in my chest will kill me. Some days it feels like all hope that I held on to is not even real. Some days it feels like the monster under my bed is following me every where. Some days it feels like that the darkness has consumed me completely. Some days it feels like every set of eyes on the road is focused entirely on me. Some days it feels like nothing is worth living for. Some days it feels I don’t want to wake up from my slumber ever again, and yet every morning I wake up, look in the mirror and tell myself that “you will get through this, you will survive another day, you will live.”
Some days life may be a little more complex than other days but it does not mean that you give up.
Cultural Centres for French Heritage in Canada
Below are the links for French cultural centres and archives around Canada. Whether you're looking into maritime Acadian culture, Quebecois traditions, Franco-Ontarian culture, Franco-Manitoban history and heritage, there's so much out there for you! Many of these centres host events, music concerts, cultural festivals, art galleries, and research centres to help you learn your roots.
Franco-Ontarian Folklore Centre
Centre for Research on French Canadian Culture at University of Ottawa
The Acadian Centre of the Université Sainte-Anne
Historical Society of Saint-Boniface, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Franco-Manitoban Cultural Centre
Marius Barbeau Centre, Montréal, Québec
Saint Isidore Museum and Cultural Centre, Alberta
https://ccfm.mb.ca/en/
ARABIC LANGUAGE
Is it weird that i can read Arabic language but not understand it? I so damn wanna learn a proper Arabic language so can i speak it fluently? Help me find resources to do so?
A Stash of Tiny Study Tips
STAYING MOTIVATED
Create realistic goals: get ___ grade on next ____
Manageable let down; get back on track
Keep track of grades: focused, know where stand, no surprises
Start small
Low risk confidence builders
Take time to relax/give self rewards
Days off, breaks, rewards
All work & no play =/= living
Little organization goes a long way
Reward achievements!
Keep balance with exercise, clubs, friends
2h/d: friends and exercise
Remember that hard work pays off
Isn’t a breeze to try to get a 4.0 GPA; but it’s possible
You’re smart enough and can achieve it
90% there with these tips, 10% is just pure hard work
Only chill on weekends
Monday-Friday: school mode
Have time for some fun
If work as hard as should during week, will need weekends to blow off steam
Be self-motivated
Grades can matter, not everything, but follow through on what needs to be done
Not most important part of college but underperform? You will regret it
GPA cutoffs exist and matter to employers
College is full of distractions and opportunities
Nobody will hold hand and the work will suck but all the prouder of yourself to be
Suck it up, buckle down, get it done
If think need break, probably don’t
Turn off the little voice
Realize not alone in questioning ability
Avoid people who tend to burst bubbles no matter what
Physical triggers to stop
Incentive to get something done when know have something else during the day
Don’t have a gaping abyss of study time
Work has to get done, in the end
Books, examiners, and especially your future self isn’t going to care about your excuses for not doing the work
Take the first step
It will almost be fictional how hard you thought the task was going to be
Just keep going because you simply can’t afford NOT to do anything today, nonzero days
Leeway, don’t give your perfectionism control over your life
MUNDANE HABITS
Sleep! Think and function, mind & body
CAN sleep if keep up with coursework instead of procrastinating
Will miss out on some fun stuff
Need to stay awake in class
Figure out what need for full speed
Stay relaxed
Stay physically healthy
Diet and exercise
1 hour exercise during week
Weekends off
Traditional breakfast not necessary if value extra sleep
Systematic habits: neat, prepared
Master material
Look for real world applications
Learning is a process: be patient, don’t expect to master off the bat
Designate study area and study times
Do trial runs
Practice tests
Ask a TA to listen to your oral performance
Study groups
Don’t copy other people’s psets and solutions
BEFORE SEMESTER
Spiral bound notebook, can color code with folders/etc if need be
Lecture notes: front to back
Reading notes: back to front (if fall behind on)
Seminar notes: mixed in with lecture notes, different pen color/labeled
Outline format
Bullet points for everything
Same NB for one set of class notes, separate notebooks for all classes
5-subject notebook
Midterm and exam material in it
Mesh sources, study guide
All study material from week/month in one place
Pick the right major
Indulge in favorite hobby feeling
Pick professors & classes wisely
Take a small class
Pick classes that interest you so studying doesn’t feel torturous
Want to learn
GRADES SPECIFIC
Prioritize class by how can affect GPA
More credits: more weight
Work enough to get an A in your easy classes: take something good at
Don’t settle, don’t slack off, don’t put in minimal effort to get that B/C. Just put in a tiny bit more effort to ensure A
Will have harder classes and need to counteract
Take electives can ace
Anything but an A in an elective is kinda mean and an unnecessary hit for your GPA
FIRST DAY/WEEK/HALF OF CLASSES
Get to know teaching style: focus most on, lecture/notes
Pick and follow a specific note taking format
Outline
Date each entry
Capture everything on board
Decide productivity system
Google Cal
Todoist
Agenda: remind meetings, class schedule, important dates/midterms/quizzes/tests, no homework
Always wanted to be prepared
Rarely last minute
Have plan, stay focused
Homework notebook
Good redundancy
Study syllabus
Know it thoroughly
Plot all due dates after class
Penalize if fail to abide by
Study the hardest for the first exam
Seems counterintuitive
Hardest/most important test
Pay attention to content and formatLess pressure: just need ___ on final to keep my A
Easy to start high and keep high
Go into crunch mode at the beginning
End softly
Get plenty of sleep, exercise, and good food in the finals days before the exam
DURING SEMESTER: PEOPLE
Get to know professors: go to office hours, care about grades/course/them
Easier ask for help, rec letter
Get to know interests and what they think is important
Figure out their research interests, 60% of their job is research
Learning is dynamic
Discussion helps
Get feedback early when not sure what doing
Take comments constructively
Consistent class participation: ask questions, give answers, comment when appropriate
Understand material
Find a study buddy in each class: don’t have to study with
Somebody can compare notes with, safety net
Pick somebody who attends, participates, and take notes regularly
Make some friends
Participate as fully as can in group activities
Be involved
Learn – not be taught
Be punctual
Good impression, on human professors
DON’T BE LATE
Skipping class =/= option: It’s “cool” to get attendance award
Make all the classes: it’s hard to feel confident when missing key pieces
Get full scope of class, everything will make a lot more sense and save a lot of time in long run
Mandatory class: higher graduating cumulative GPA
Go to class when no one else does/want to show up, reward
Get to know professor, what’s on test, notice, r/s build, material not in reading
Unless optional and super confusing professor
Sit in one of the first rows
Don’t fall asleep
Fake interest if you have to
Tutors
DURING SEMESTER: THINGS TO DO
Take notes! Provided is bare minimum, accessed by students who aren’t attending lecture
Based on lecture and what read –> test; it’ll be worth it
Write it down
By hand
Bored? Doodle instead of going online
Read all assigned–even if need to skim
Seems cumbersome and maybe impossible
Figure out what’s important
Look at the logical progression of the argument/what’s important/what trying to prove
Understand everything that you do read–even if don’t read everything
PIck 2 examples from text per topic
Complete course material on time
DO NOT WAIT UNTIL DAY BEFORE IT IS DUE
Begin as soon as possible
Sometimes it’s just straight up impossible
Have it look attractive
Library doesn’t just mean = study
Social media in the library is still social media
Confusion is terrible
Read other textbooks, review course material @ another uni/by another professor, google the shit out of it
Review
Do not wait, do throughout semester
Exam prep
Ask for model papers, look at style & structure, thesis, how cite
Get old tests
Look at type of questions (detail level and structure)
Can solve old exams cold
If give out paper exams in class: probs won’t repeat questions, focus more on concepts but still learn the questions
Have class notes and psets down cold
Do all the practice problems
Read through notes a few times; rewrite into a revision notebook
Highlight major topics and subtopics
Different highlighter for vocab terms
Overall picture, go from concept to detail
Look at overall context and how specific idea fit into whole course
Ideas, don’t memorize all your notes
Better understand = more able to use and manipulate info and remember it. Understand = manipulation.
Charts, diagrams, graphs
Lists
Practice drawing labeled structures
Flash cards for memorization
Every school requires some degree of grunt memorization
Say it aloud, write it down
Get friends to quiz you
Self-test: severely challenge self, have a running collection of exam questions
Explain difficult concepts to your friends; force yourself to articulate the concept
Never pull an all-nighter
Do not spend every hour studying up to the exam
Eat, shower, sleep
Don’t wait until night before exam to study
Prep takes time even if reviewed throughout semester
Ask about format–don’t ask the professor to change it for you
Law of College: it will be on the exam if you don’t understand it
Ask professor, internet, textbooks
Night before exam
Jot what want to remember/have fresh
Read through in morning/before exam
Physical prep
Sleep, have test materials
Day of exam
Don’t cram every single spare minute
Go to bathroom before exam
Never miss an exam/lie to get more time
You won’t be any more ready 2-3 days after when supposed to have taken it
Slay exam. Get A.
WEEKLY
Friday morning: go through each syllabus, write down in HW notebook
All hw during weekend; study/reading assignments during week
Save everything
Divide big tasks into small pieces to help propel self
Standard study schedule: block off lectures, labs, regular commitments
Note the weeks that have assignments and tests that will require extra studying
Don’t oscillate too heavily every day with study times (i.e. don’t study 2-3 hours for weeks and then 10-12 hour days right before an exam)
Eat and sleep to make more extended work periods liveable and enjoyable
DAILY
Set an amount of time would like to study every day
Try to study most days
Avoid vague/zoned out studying –> waste of time
Do a little bit daily but don’t let studying be your whole day
Review notes: 30mins/day, each class from that day
Look at important ideas/vocab
Prioritize new vocab because language is most fundamental and important tool in any subject
Circle abbreviations and make yourself a key somewhere so you don’t forget what the hell that abbreviations meant
Check spelling
Rewrite/reorganize notes if necessary
Format of ideas is just as important as the concepts themselves, esp. when it comes time for exam review
This helps you retain the material so you’ll be ahead next time you walk into class
Chance to ID any knowledge gaps that you can ask about for next class
Keep up with reading
Skim text before lecture or at least main topic sentences
Jot down anything don’t understand; if lecture doesn’t clarify, ask the professor
After lecture: skim again, outline chapter, make vocab flashcards
Highlight similar class and lecture notes
will definitely be tested on
Review and make study questions
Study
Disconnect from anything irrelevant to study material: help focus and your GPA
Don’t limit studying to the night
Study whenever, wherever between classes
Variety helps focus and motivation
Especially if tired at night and can’t transition between subjects
Try to study for a specific subject right before/after the class
DIGITAL PIRACY 101
Pinning this since I genuinely think Piracy is a great skill to have and I want to share it with anyone who'd like to see it
Okay so! You need to download something!
Be it a movie, a game, a software, a book. Where do you even start? You know people catch viruses or fines pirating, so how to do it, and do it safely? This is going to be a bit verbose, so coloured text has the most important info. THIS WILL BE LONG but you can just skim it! (P.S. there are some goodies for artists in the end so do take a peek there if you do art and would like courses or procreate brushes) By the end of this you should be able to download or stream almost anything.
(Disclaimer: I'm not super knowledgeable on the technical side of things, just a moderately seasoned pirate. Will explain stuff to the best of my abilities, but there will be wild semplifications. If there's any issue, or precisations you'd like to make, or just need a hand with something, feel free to reach out to me directly on here!)
Putting a cut here so I don't spam your dashes <3 - now, here we go:
First off: ADBLOCKERS. It's dangerous to go alone. Take this: a little browser add-on that will prevent you from seeing ads and popups ever again. Yeah, no more ads on Youtube either btw. Most malware you risk getting while pirating is the result of ads and pop-ups! Important: Chromium based browsers will start dropping support for adblockers starting 2023. These include: Chrome, Edge, Opera, Vivaldi, Brave. (Brave has its built-in adblocker, but it's very controversial, has a huge focus on crypto, and tries to push its own crypto trading ads on you, among other things.) This is simply happening because Google (who mantains Chromium) is in big parts an Ad Company, aka makes money from selling ads to you. Mozilla Firefox is not affiliated or mantained in any way by Google, and will support Adblocking indefinitely. Just so you know. The BEST Ad Blocker around is uBlock Origin, by Raymond Hill (gorhill). It's recommended that you use it at all times, as it will not slow down your browser but will improve your user experience drastically! Official add-on installs: Firefox, Chrome (until 2023)
How does it work? There are two kinds of downloads: Direct Downloads and Torrents. Direct Download Link (DDL): you click on the thing, the browser downloads it. Simple! It's an 1 on 1 communication between you and their servers. Pros: no hassle, super easy, nothing else to do, pretty safe. Cons: downloading big files is sloooow, and if your connection falters just a few seconds, you gotta start from the top again. Torrenting: the good stuff. It's "Peer to Peer", or P2P. The way I understand it: you're put in a room (a "swarm") with a bunch of people. Some want the file (Peers and Leechers), some already have it and are giving it around (Seeders). You all share small pieces of the file around, and eventually everyone will get a complete file. Seeders are the most important part: a torrent with zero seeders will not start (no one is giving out the file). A torrent with 200 seeders will be immensely faster than one with 3 seeders. It's good etiquette to seed back what you download, in a 1:1.10 ratio: you upload what you downloaded (1:1) and then a little more. Sharing is caring! Pros: fast, you can stop and resume whenever you want, you can find torrents of mostly anything, easy to download big files. Cons: unsafe without a VPN (might get fined), a bit harder to understand, might take an hour or two to set everything up. We will get more into Torrenting right now, as it will be the main way to pirate things.
How to Torrent files? You will need: a Torrent Client, a VPN (optional, recommended), and either a .torrent file or a magnet link. Don't panic, this is easy! Torrent Client: a little software that will actually manage the downloading. There is no reason to use anything else than qBittorrent: it's free, open source, frequently updated, has no ads, and has a neat little feature that we will see later. Download and install it and you're all set! VPN: ok, so. You *can* download things without a VPN. I've done it a bunch. Please know, it's unsafe. VPNs are, like, the condoms of piracy. Depending on how strict your Internet Service Providers are about piracy, without them you might get a hefty fine, or simply a warning, or nothing at all. With torrenting, sadly, ISPs can kind of exactly see what you're downloading. VPNs fool your ISP. I'm not a fan of how much VPN services are fooling us in thinking we need them - but sadly us pirates DO need them. I would personally not recommend free VPNs, they aren't too reliable in my experience. I also advice to use a VPN that allows "port forwarding" as that will make the downloads faster. The most loved VPN service in the pirating community is Mullvad. It's VERY secure, actually cares about your privacy (unlike Nord, or even Proton sadly), has no yearly plans to rope you into nasty subscription models. It's so privacy oriented that you don't even need an email, they will simply give you an account number and you will use that. They do NOT want your data. Super neat! Their service is 5€ a month, and I suggest paying only one month, downloading a shitton of stuff, and then just leaving it be until you need another month of downloading bonanza. You will see they accept and encourage crypto payments. Please don't judge them too harshly for this. I hate crypto as much as the next tumblr user - but this is not for crypto bros, this is because they really would like to not have your data if possible. There's people who want to avoid leaving behind any sort of trail showing that they, personally, purchased a VPN, and this option serves them. Torrent files, magnet links: a torrent file is an actual file you download and open in your client. You download "bee_move.torrent", open it in qBittorrent, and it will start downloading! A magnet link simply bypasses having an actual file. it's a link that you will directly open in your client and will tell it what it needs to know, and acts in place of a .torrent file. They're virtually the same. There are dedicated torrent sites that let you search for the torrent you want, and offer either a torrent file or magnet download. Let's see how to find them!
Where to find stuff? r/piracy Megathread - there are links to pirate anything that could be pirated. Navigate to the section you need and follow the instructions! There are usually both Torrent sites and direct download links. The masterpost isn't being mantained anymore - as of 31/10/2022, I'm still having luck with it and finding it a great resource. There are other masterposts though. For example, the Awesome Piracy megathread and the r/FREEMEDIAHECKYEAH wiki. As of April 2023, it’s being rewritten!! Hell yeah!! Go check it out! But some of the torrent sites listed on the masterposts are broken! :( I hear ya, I hear ya! It's perfectly normal. For technical / legal reasons that I cannot comprehend, torrent sites need to change URLs often. This is where unblockit comes in. I'm not sure how it works, so I'm just going to say that it's magic. It gives you working links to all the best torrenting, streaming, DDL sites. From books to music to, uh, adult material. I usually refer to the masterpost to know which sites are the most trustworthy, and then use unblockit to access them. Generally, for example, you will want to avoid ThePirateBay, and prefer 1337x instead.
ALMOST DONE!!! There's one last important thing to set. This is a safety measure, for those who use a VPN service and want to make the most of it. At times, the VPN connection you are using might falter for some seconds. These few seconds that it's not working, your torrent might still be downloading, exposing your IP address briefly and letting your ISP catch you. There is an easy and quick way to prevent this from happening. It's called binding the VPN network interface to your torrent client - it's a big name, but it means you tell your client (qBittorrent) to ONLY connect to the internet via the VPN. No VPN? No connection. No IP leakage. Linked guide above will take you a couple minutes at most.
This is the basic stuff! :D You should be able to download pretty much all you need just from this!
However, since I'm a nerd, here's some other useful things, or more niche sites.
There are tips to make torrenting with VPN faster - I gotta be honest man, I still don't understand *how* this "Port Forwarding" business works, and for some reason I cannot get it to work right now with Mullvad (previously I had North which doesn't support this feature at all). My internet is too slow for me to really mind, anyway. But you should look into it if you're using a VPN and getting slow download speeds on torrents with 20+ active seeders.
Now, this is for all the artists out there. Online-courses.club has, like, an INFINITY of art courses and tutorials, and even some software. It's INSANE, super helpful, some of these courses would otherwise cost SO much. I've been getting a lot of use out of it. They're mostly DDLs, too! I can't recommend it enough!!! Now, time for brushes. I've had a lot of difficulty finding good brushes for Procreate that didn't cost too much. This telegram channel has a neverending quantity of Procreate brushes: t.me/free_brushes. Sometimes Photoshop brushes crop up too. For some popular brushes, they ask for "donations" to download them instead of giving the actual download, which is a big yikes honestly. Thankfully, it's rare. In there, if you scroll really far, there's also a link to another smaller group to download Max Ulichney's brushes.
My favourite way to pirate and share music is Soulseek, a neat little software that work as a Peer To Peer service, but between you and a single other person at a time. You share all your music folder, and others can download from it when you're online. In return, you can download other people's music from their shared folders. It's lovely, the quality of the files is GREAT, the community is actually really chill and honest, since it's just a bunch of peeps sharing mp3s and flacs.
There's also a LOT of telegram bots to download music or videos from several platforms. @MusicDownloaderRobot downloads from Spotify, @joeymusicbot from Deezer, @mediadownbot rips videos and music from stuff like reddit, tiktok, facebook, twitter etc, and t.me/BotsArchive has a vast collection of bots just like these. They can come in handy! Lastly, since I am Italian, here's some resources to find italian material. Those around my age or older might remember TNT Village as the n.1 source of italian torrents. It's closed down, but the magnet links for archived stuff are still out there. Only way to access them that I found rn is this Telegram bot: @tntvsearchbot. Source code here for those who understand this stuff. There's also programmiedovetrovarli, great resource for famous software (Adobe, Office, etc) with instructions in italian. Needs adblocker to be deactivated on their site, but has no popup ads, just standard banners.
Well, this was a lot! Thank you for reading, I hope I was able to help in some way!
Please remember: illegal does not automatically mean unethical, or immoral. Everyone is free to choose what to do and think about piracy. Don't ruin this for those who choose to engage with it, and don't push this on those who'd rather steer clear. I am personally sharing this with you, because my personal opinion is that pirating is often moral, and avoiding giving money to certain corporations (Adobe and Disney come to mind) is always preferred when you can't or don't want to outright avoid and boycott their products altogether.
If you can afford to, always support small creators and artists. If you cannot afford to, then consider that pirating and enjoying their creations, then spreading the word and talking about it online, is still beneficial to them!
Share and Enjoy!
good evening to all those taking online classes they don't want to take
(for me it's spanish 😔😔 i need the credit to graduate tho so im kinda screwed)
can you write a fic where reader is deaf and Emily learn sign language for them??
Enjoy!!
Prentiss Signs
Truthfully? You never expected her to try. You couldn't just expect something like that from someone, or at least you'd come to learn that.
Emily was already so busy, with jetting off to cases, working long nights, leading the team, carrying the weight of so many lives. You'd told her more than once, "It's okay... you don't have to."
And you meant it.
But Emily Prentiss has a stubborn streak, and she doesn't do anything halfway. So when she showed up one evening with a stack of notecards, her hair a mess and her jacket over one arm, you just stared.
She dropped her keys, and her bag, and signed (clumsily, but surprisingly clearly), "Hi. I want to learn." You blinked, then blinked again.
She smiled, nervous and unsure, and added aloud, slow enough for you to read her lips, "I know I got that wrong. But... I want to do this. For you."
And so it began.
At first, Emily struggled. Her slim fingers didn't want to cooperate, she'd blame it on her years of holding stiff guns, her brow would furrow constantly.
And more than once she muttered, "This shouldn't be harder than hostage negotiations," which you couldn't help but giggle at, though you'd quickly hide it under a cough when her arms would cross with a sigh.
But you were patient, as patient as she'd allow. You signed things slowly, sometimes repeating them two, three even four times till she got it.
When she fumbled through something as simple as "coffee" or "work", she'd huff and sign something vaguely chaotic that made you burst out with silent laughter.
Still, she persevered, kept going.
She even enrolled in ASL class on Thursday nights, juggling it between her BAU schedule and mountains of Chief worthy paperwork.
You'd catch her practicing in the mirror, mouthing the words while signing them slowly, her fingers dancing shakily until they learned the easing rhythm.
You'd fall asleep sometimes with her arm wrapped around your waist, her free hand unconsciously tracing the alphabet against your back. And slowly, oh so slowly, she got better.
You taught her curse words when she needed to vent, and jokes when she needed to smile. She learned "I love you" early, she practiced it more than once.
One night, without warning, she looked at you, no stumble or hesitation, and signed it. Perfectly. "I love you". You forgot how to breath for a second.
- - -
A few months later...
You, something you don't usually do, join the BAU team for dinner. Garcia picked the restaurant, somewhere trendy and loud, all laughter and clinking glasses.
The team has taken over a long table in the back. Emily rests her hand on your lower back as you slide into the seat beside her. And just like that, it starts.
Morgan is already in story mode, laughing at something Spencer had mistakenly done last week, talking a mile a minute. JJ is trying to keep up, and Garcia's hand gestures alone could tell a full story.
You lean back, a little overwhelmed, your brows furrowing as you slowly get left behind...
But then Emily taps your thigh gently, her fingers drawing your attention. She signs slowly, "Morgan said Reid spilled coffee on Hotch's files. Again."
You snort. Emily smiles.
Every few minutes, she checks in, translating certain bits of fast conversation, shortening some, skipping others, but making sure you're never left out of the loop.
She signs across your lap, under the table, casually but clearly, pausing sometimes to double check her signs. Once, when she fumbles over a complex phrase Garcia throws out, she huffs, rolls ger eyes and signs, "I'm trying, okay?"
You kiss her cheek. Knowing Garcia was one to make up her own words and phrases to emphasise her misfortune.
- - -
Later that night, when everyone was full and winding down, you notice the others looking at her a little differently. Not unkindly. Just... moved.
Emily, who once struggled to remember the difference between "want" and "need", is now translating full conversations without missing a beat or made up word.
And she learned it all, just for you.
You squeeze her hand under the table, signing a slow, heartfelt, "Thank you. I see you." She squeezes back, "Always, love."
Finished 3 of 3 virtual classroom sessions now study to prepare for 1 of 8 course exams to earn my Certified Compensation Professional (CCP). I'm glad my employer is covering the cost.
the heart is ever searching for its truest home
Halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes are a homologous series of saturated carbon compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms. They are used as refrigerants, solvents, flame retardants, anaesthetics and pharmaceuticals but their use has been restricted in recent years due to their link to pollution and the destruction of the ozone layer.
They contain the functional group C-X where X represents a halogen atom, F,Cl, Br or I. The general formula of the series is CnH2n+1X.
The C-X bond is polar because the halogen atom is more electronegative than the C atom. The electronegativity decreases as you go down group 7 therefore the bond becomes less polar. Flourine has a 4.0 EN whereas iodine has a 2.5 EN meaning it is almost non-polar.
The two types of intermolecular forces between halogenoalkane molecules are Van Der Waals and permanent dipole-dipole interactions. As the carbon chain length increases, the intermolecular forces (due to VDWs) increase as the relative atomic mass increases due to more electrons creating induced dipoles. Therefore the boiling point of the halogenoalkanes increases since more forces must be broken.
Branched chains have lower boiling points than chains of the same length and halogen because the VDWs are working across a greater distance and are therefore weaker.
When the carbon chain length is kept the same, but the halogen atom is changed, despite the effect of the changing polar bond on the permanent dipole-dipole interactions, the changing VDWs have a greater effect on the boiling point. Therefore as RAM increases, the boiling point increases meaning an iodoalkane has a greater boiling point than a bromoalkane if they have the same carbon chain length.
Halogenoalkanes are insoluble or only slightly soluable in water despite their polar nature. They are soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and can be used as dry cleaning agents because they can mix with other hydrocarbons.
Summary
Halogenoalkanes are saturated carbon compounds with one or more halogen atoms. Their general formula is CnH2n+1X, where X is a halogen. Their functional group is therefore C-X.
They are used as refrigerants, solvents, pharmaceuticals and anaesthetics but have been restricted due to their link to the depletion of the ozone layer.
C-X bonds are polar due to the halogen being more electronegative than the carbon. The polarity of the bond decreases down group 7.
Van der Waals and permanent dipole-dipole interactions are the intermolecular forces in halogenoalkanes.
When carbon chain length increases, boiling points increase due to RAM increasing and the number of Van Der Waals increasing too.
In branched halogenoalkanes, Van Der Waals are working across a greater distance therefore attraction is weaker and boiling points are lower than an identical unbranched chain.
When the halogen is changed, the boiling point increases down the group due to the effect of a greater RAM - more VDWs mean more intermolecular forces to break.
Halogenoalkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like ethanol.
Bonus: free radical substitution reactions in the ozone layer
Ozone, O3, is an allotrope of oxygen that is usually found in the stratosphere above the surface of the Earth. The ozone layer prevents harmful rays of ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth by enhancing the absorption of UV light by nitrogen and oxygen. UV light causes sunburn, cataracts and skin cancer but is also essential in vitamin D production. Scientists have observed a depletion in the ozone layer protecting us and have linked it to photochemical chain reactions by halogen free radicals, sourced from halogenoalkanes which were used a solvents, propellants and refrigerants at the time.
CFCs cause the greatest destruction due to their chlorine free radicals. CFCs – chloroflouroalkanes – were once valued for their lack of toxicity and their non-flammability. This stability means that they do not degrade and instead diffuse into the stratosphere where UV light breaks down the C-Cl bond and produces chlorine free radicals.
RCF2Cl UV light —> RCF2● + Cl●
Chlorine free radicals then react with ozone, decomposing it to form oxygen.
Cl● + O3 —> ClO● + O2
Chlorine radical is then reformed by reacting with more ozone molecules.
ClO● + O3 —-> 2O2 + Cl●
It is estimated that one chlorine free radical can decompose 100 000 molecules of ozone. The overall equation is:
2O3 —-> 3O2
200 countries pledged to phase of the production of ozone depleting agents in Montreal, leading to a search for alternatives. Chemists have developed and synthesised alternative chlorine-free compounds that do not deplete the ozone layer such as hydroflurocarbons (HFCs) like trifluromethane, CHF3.
SUMMARY
Ozone, found in the stratosphere, protects us from harmful UV light which can cause cataracts, skin cancer and sunburn.
Ozone depletion has been linked to the use of halogenoalkanes due to their halogen free radicals.
CFCs were good chemicals to use because they have low toxicity and were non-flammable. The fact they don’t degrade means they diffuse into the stratosphere.
Chlorine free radicals are made when CFCs are broken down by UV light.
These go on to react with ozone to produce oxygen.
Chlorine free radicals are then reformed by reacting with more ozone.
It is a chain reaction that can deplete over 100 000 molecules of ozone.
There is a 200 country ban on their use and scientists have developed alternatives like hydrofluorocarbons to replace them
Happy studying!
Start to learn techniques used in psychotherapy
{Çınar}
100 days of productivity
Day 12/100
Week 3 assignment review
Self advocacy training
Day 13/100
Introduction lecture
2 readings
100 Days of Productivity
Day 9/100
duolingo (three languages)
looked into Irish textbook options
attended lecture
Day 10/100
Reorganised craft space
duolingo (three languages)
Day 11/100
three readings
forum contribution
reviewed lecture notes
developed work style matrix
100 days of productivity
day 8/100
reading assignment 1
reading assignment 2
planning essay 1
05.11.25 - weekly studying summary
phd chat
started 100 DOP
chose essay question
introduction lecture
assignment review and planning
started OSINT course
maintained duolingo streak with new languages
song: bulletproof heart by my chemical romance
adhd brain has been a bit all over the place this week so giving it some rest time with hello kitty island adventure and the new spy x family chapter. wrangled myself enough to put together a compassionate study plan for next week and re-energise myself.
100 Days of Productivity
Day 6/100
reorganised desktop background
self defence class
careers research for my brother
Day 7/100
Introduction lecture to African Philanthropy
Finalised essay question
weekly planning
100 days of productivity
day 4/100
colonising philanthropy webinar
reviewed webinar transcript
day 5/100
completed learning log
completed assessed forum contribution
reviewed next week's assignments
100 Days of Productivity
Day 2/100
Attended virtual webinar
Reviewed and summarised notes
Set up/tidied OneNote
Day 3/100
PhD Chat
Prepped for lecture
Reorganised uni folders
Updated email inboxes
100 Days of Productivity
1/100
2 assignment readings
Lecture prep
Set up OneNote for new module
Prepped for PhD meeting
Prepped for political forum
Cleaned bathroom
04.05.25 - weekly study summary
set up for module one
read four texts
intro video lecture
reviewed language goals
100 most common words list
reviewed assignment feedback
set up phd meeting
prepped for module assignments
song: old regalia's hidden school for the magically impaired by kyle stibbs
glad i took a bit of a break last week as really crossed a lot off my to do list this week. i've also shifted my language goals a bit. i realised i wasn't really engaged with learning french beyond maintaining my duolingo streak so, in an act of self-compassion that would make my therapist proud, instead of berating myself for it, i leant in and asked why i was struggling with it. edited my pinned post to show new goals.
27.04.25 - weekly study summary
Maintained duolingo streak
Completed glean training
Contacted supervisor
Song: fearless (taylor's version) - taylor swift
Not a lot of studying this week. Ended up submitting an assignment 2 week early, new module doesn't start for another week and prep materials haven't been released yet, and waiting for my supervisor to get back to me before I can start my phd application. Took advantage to have a break and enjoy some crafts.
21/04/25 - weekly study summary
defined phd questions
submitted final module assignment
emailed phd supervisor
rearranged desk set up
song: come with me by chxrlotte
desk photos from top left to bottom right: before, empty, after wide, after close (with room lights off). not a huge visual difference on my desk, but feels much tidier and i love the fairy lights <3
13/04/25 - weekly study summary
first draft of essay
researched phd supervisors
completed assistive tech training
set up zotero
song: john hughes movie by maisie peters
feeling so much better now the first draft is done. it's taken a long time to get the assistive tech i need, but oh my god it's so good. i can't believe i've been working without adhd support this whole time. drafting this essay with the proper support was a breeze after struggling with it and previous essays for weeks. i may even had it in early.
06.04.25 - weekly studying summary
phd supervisor meeting
intro chapter from authoring a phd
lecture-focused assistive tech training facility
perfect march in duolingo
recorded lecture
song: what else can i do? from encanto by diane guerrero, stephanie beatriz
i had little to no motivation to do anything last week, but got a lot of my motivation back this week. constantly reminding myself that - especially with adhd - motivation follows action, not the other way around. also had a lovely couple of cafe study sessions with my sibling and my mum.
"The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled." - Plutarch
This Month's Goals:
Refine PhD Proposal Core Questions
Finish Fundraising Essay
Set PhD Application Plan with Supervisor
Reorganise Desk/Study Space
Learn and Integrate Study Support Software
23.03.25 - weekly studying summary
submitted essay assignment
watched one lecture
read one chapter
set up dsa support software on laptop
forum post for module
duolingo french march badge
song: feminine rage by peggy
pretty happy with this week, given how busy work has been. still working on my desk set up - I'm thinking fairy lights or leds under the shelf, and something better for file organisation.
Studying Goals
studyanthropy = studying philanthropy
My Academic Goals:
Finish Postgraduate Diploma in Philanthropy
Apply for PhD
Write 100 personal essays on philanthropy (min 500 words)
Other Learning Goals:
Develop competency in Open Source Intelligence
French, Latin, Japanese, Irish Gaelic: basic competency
Develop career skills
Learning Context:
Full time worker, part time learner
AuDHD
Distance learner
I got a new computer and I'm like so excited ! I bought it because I earned money teaching mathematics and physic. I love teaching people ! There is also my bullet journal. Since the holiday I try new things in it, I decorate it more basically. And if you zoom you will probably see that I'm following curses on Coursera, I got one on music theory and one on thermodynamic because it was one of the very few I found in French.
Last revision before the entrance examination.