The universe is full of dazzling sights, but there’s an eerie side of space, too. Nestled between the stars, shadowy figures lurk unseen. The entire galaxy could even be considered a graveyard, full of long-dead stars. And it’s not just the Milky Way – the whole universe is a bit like one giant haunted house! Our Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will illuminate all kinds of spine-chilling cosmic mysteries when it launches in 2027, but for now settle in for some true, scary space stories.
One of the first signs that things are about to get creepy in a scary movie is when the lights start to flicker. That happens all the time in space, too! But instead of being a sinister omen, it can help us find planets circling other stars.
Roman will stare toward the heart of our galaxy and watch to see when pairs of stars appear to align in the sky. When that happens, the nearer star – and orbiting planets – can lens light from the farther star, creating a brief brightening. That’s because every massive object warps the fabric of space-time, changing the path light takes when it passes close by. Roman could find around 1,000 planets using this technique, which is called microlensing.
The mission will also see little flickers when planets cross in front of their host star as they orbit and temporarily dim the light we receive from the star. Roman could find an additional 100,000 planets this way!
Roman is going to be one of the best ghost hunters in the galaxy! Since microlensing relies on an object’s gravity, not its light, it can find all kinds of invisible specters drifting through the Milky Way. That includes rogue planets, which roam the galaxy alone instead of orbiting a star…
…and solo stellar-mass black holes, which we can usually only find when they have a visible companion, like a star. Astronomers think there should be 100 million of these black holes in our galaxy.
Black holes aren’t the only dead stars hiding in the sky. When stars that aren’t quite massive enough to form black holes run out of fuel, they blast away their outer layers and become neutron stars. These stellar cores are the densest material we can directly observe. One sugar cube of neutron star material would weigh about 1 billion tons (or 1 trillion kilograms) on Earth! Roman will be able to detect when these extreme objects collide.
Smaller stars like our Sun have less dramatic fates. After they run out of fuel, they swell up and shrug off their outer layers until only a small, hot core called a white dwarf remains. Those outer layers may be recycled into later generations of stars and planets. Roman will explore regions where new stars are bursting to life, possibly containing the remnants of such dead stars.
If we zoom out far enough, the structure of space looks like a giant cobweb! The cosmic web is the large-scale backbone of the universe, made up mainly of a mysterious substance known as dark matter and laced with gas, upon which galaxies are built. Roman will find precise distances for more than 10 million galaxies to map the structure of the cosmos, helping astronomers figure out why the expansion of the universe is speeding up.
Learn more about the exciting science this mission will investigate on Twitter and Facebook.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space!
The Lovers by Sneha Solanki // The Kiss by Kelly Mark // TV Garden by Nam June Paik (x2) // Sistine Chapel by Nam June Paik // TV Clock by Jam June Paik // Untitled (The Sky is Blue) by Sandy Smith // More Wrong Things by Carolee Schneemann // Nabil Saleh // Puma XO Tao by Dan Dowding/Media Pollution
I very frequently give the same advice in the discords that I'm in so I thought I'd just go ahead and write a post collecting it all!
It's very difficult to look at your art and try and determine some arbitrary value and end up with a price that is not only fair but also something you can live off of. You could try asking others to arbitrarily value your art, but they're going to struggle just as much.
So let me detail a much more practical method for determining your prices. First, answer these questions:
Will this be your primary source of income?
Are you a bill payer?
Look up the living wage in your area, multiply it by 2, and that will be your hourly rate.
If your area doesn't have an established living wage, look up the average living costs of your area and go to option 3.
Why do I say to double it? Because the living wage is calculated based on an 8 hour work day, and studies show that a 4 hour work day is more efficient and practical and that there is nothing to be gained from working beyond that. So, twice the rate, half the hours.
I say living wage over minimum wage because, really, the living wage should be the minimum. You should be earning enough money to live off of.
Taking commissions means you're setting your own rates and hours. While you specifically may not currently be paying bills, you will be one day & the prices you set have an influence on what prices will be considered normal for everyone. Take that opportunity to improve the industry for us all by setting an example on fair pricing!
Then any commissioned work you do is you working overtime. Take the living wage x2 or your current wage (whichever is higher), and then multiply that by 1.5x to give yourself an overtime wage, and this will be your hourly rate.
If you're taking commissions because your job is not enough to cover your bills, take the amount you're short on each month plus some extra to cover one off things you might need to buy and save up for, then decide how many hours you can spare to work on commissions each month, and divide that total by those hours.
E.g. lets say you could do with an extra £100 each month and can spare an hour a week for commission work, that'd give you an hourly rate of £25. Compare that to the overtime wage we calculated before, and take whichever is higher.
Calculate your living costs for a month, plus some extra for anything you might need to buy and save up, and divide that by 80 to get your hourly rate. Compare it to the living wage x2, and take whichever is higher.
Use the work timer tool that can be found here:
and calculate how long it takes you on average to finish pieces.
Then, add at least 2 hours onto that time to account for correspondence, research, and getting familiar with unfamiliar designs (add more if you think this will take you more time, you know yourself. This is all work, and therefore should be included in the price)
Once you have your times, multiply them by your hourly rate, and you have your base prices.
For example, the living wage for me is £9.90. For the sake of simplicity, I will round that up (don't ever round down) then double it, giving me an hourly rate of £20. If it takes me 2-3 hours with correspondence to finish a character bust, I should then charge £40 - £60 for it.
Don't do this.
For one, it makes it confusing for the client in terms of figuring out at a glance how much something will cost them. And for two, you are doing more work for less. It's not worth it!
Avoid making your clients having to do percentage calculations when figuring out how much it's going to cost them, in general.
While it might seem like it would make multi-character commissions more appealing, making it easier to calculate prices is what will actually make that more appealing!
Make a note in your terms & info that these are a base estimate price, and that more complicated designs and pieces may cost more. Also note that multiple revisions may incur additional charges.
Sometimes you might get a client who asks you to redraw things repeatedly, even after giving the go ahead with the sketch... If this happens, charge them for it. You deserve to be paid for the extra hours they are making you work.
I recommend taking your commissions through a google form or similar:
It allows you to ask all the questions you need answers to in order to determine if this is a commission you're willing and able to take on, without having to go through some awkward small talk as you try and get this information out of your potential client.
It also makes the process easier for your client, as they can simply fill out your form to tell you about the commission you want without having to cold message you about it and try and figure out what details are important to tell you and what aren't.
Additionally, when using google forms, you can get the advanced form notifications forms addon to automatically email your potential clients after they've filled out the form. (Just be aware that if, like me, you're using firefox the settings do not currently work on FF, you'll need to manage those through another browser but it should only be a one time setup anyway).
I have the advanced form notifications set up to send a confirmation email to my clients that I will then reply to when I reach them on my list, and also an email sent to myself to let me know that I've recieved a new submission.
I use gmail, so I also have it set up to automatically label the confirmation email with an "incomplete" label so I can view all pending commissions in one place.
Optional, but I also have my form linked to a spreadsheet. You can mirror the contents of the response sheet onto another sheet using an array formula, allowing you to style it and by using conditional formatting and checkboxes, you can do stuff like this:
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The way I have my google form set up is the first section reiterates my terms and conditions and requires that the potential client accepts these terms before proceeding onto the next page.
Speaking of, a very important part of taking commissions is your terms. Here are some base terms I would recommend:
I reserve the right to refuse any commission for any reason without question. [This protects you from any kind of client or commission that makes you uncomfortable.]
Clients are not permitted, under any circumstances, to use any part of their commissioned artwork for non fungible tokens. Use of the artwork for any advertising or profits associated with non fungible tokens or cryptocurrency is strictly prohibted. [Self explanatory, but sadly important to include now]
I reserve the right to display the commissioned piece on my website(s), online galleries, and in my portfolios. (If the character is an original character, you will be credited accordingly) [This just lets you post your work on your social media and the like.]
You may use the commissioned work for personal use only (this includes avatars, signatures, wallpapers, etc.), but credit must be given.
I reserve the rights of to the artwork, so you may not use the commissioned work for any projects (commercial or nonprofit) without express permission, nor redistribute the artwork as your own. [This protects you from people commissioning you and then profiting off of your work. Commercial commissions should be handled differently with a proper contract & you should charge 3x your base price for it at minimum.]
I recommend using PayPal invoices to manage your payments. You can set up an invoice template and then and create an itemised list of all your charges, require a minimum of 50% payment upfront, and allow for tips.
You'll then have a record of your commission payments for tax purposes, and you'll be protected from fraudulent clients and chargebacks. Just make sure you disable shipping if you're not sending them a physical piece!
On your commission info or in your terms, make it clear that you require 50% of the payment upfront before you will begin working on the commission.
This protects you from scams where a "client" will make you complete a commission and then never pay for it, but also gives your clients the security that you won't take all the money and run, either.
Here is an example of what to write irt your payment and process from my own info:
Note the explanation of the payment processor I will be using, expectations on what may influence the price, when to expect to hear from me, and that multiple revisions may incur additional fees.
As a note, should you require to charge additional fees after you've already begun and been paid, you should create a new invoice with the additional fees for the revisions and not continue until the fee has been paid.
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And that's all my advice, I think! Best of luck to anyone taking commissions, I hope this is helpful.
yeah, I saw a few parallels 🤧🤖🦠
Whole lot of traditional art wowzers!!
Ok ok been a while so maybe I should post something and vanish for a few months.
likes and reblogs are always appreciated as usual :]
NASA 1965 Space Suit Test Robot
18 | they/he/she | hobby artist + spacecraft gijinka enjoyerMostly reblogs, this blog is 16+
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